Animal-to-Human Transplantation: Can It Be Successful in the Near Future?

• Animal-to-human transplantation may not be successful in the near future, but can be successful in the next 30 to 40 years, reveal experts.
  
  The process, known as xenotransplantation, dates back to the 17th century, when attempts were made to use animal blood for transfusions. Due to paucity of organs from humans, scientists started looking at non-human primates like monkeys, chimpanzees, and baboons, and even pigs. The experiments in pigs have shown more positive results as their organs are comparable to humans.
  
  However, nobody has, so far, made any lasting progress in animal-to-human transplant, Dr. Sudhindran S., professor, department of gastrointestinal surgery, at Amrita Hospital, Kochi, told IANS.
  
  "We are unlikely to see a major breakthrough in the next 30-40 years because the process involves a situation where an animal organ becomes acceptable to the human body. To overcome the rejection process, it requires a multitude of steps that are intricately complex and definitely not going to be easy for long term success," he said.
  
  However, Dr. Udgeath Dhir, director and head, CTVS, Fortis Hospital, Gurugram disagrees. According to him, xenotransplantation may be a success as animal organs would be made more compatible with the human body.
  
  "In the near future, we are damn confident that we will be able to go for xenotransplantation where we are going to modify the immune system or rather balance the immune system in such a way that the body accepts these organs as a part and doesn’t reject it," Dhir told IANS.
  
  He noted that "the field is diversifying a lot. We have gone to the genetic level where we are capping those or masking those cells which would cause immediate or late rejections of these organs. And with the development of new cellular technology, we can modify the DNA that becomes a part of our body. So in the near future, we would definitely have much more successful results."
  
  In a rare medical feat, the US doctors in January successfully transplanted a genetically-modified pig heart to 57-year-old David Bennett suffering from terminal heart disease. Following surgery, the transplanted heart performed very well for several weeks without any signs of rejection. The patient was able to spend time with his family and participate in physical therapy to help regain strength. But two months later, he died.
  
  Although it’s unclear whether only organ rejection played a role in Bennett’s death, researchers involved in xenotransplantation procedures have said that early, positive outcomes don’t necessarily mean long-term success.
  
  The main challenge in the process have been the immunological barriers that lead to rejection of pig organs by the human immune system, the doctors said.
  
  Yet several recent xenotransplantation’s have included only pigs. Researchers at University of Alabama at Birmingham, US, successfully conducted transplant of pig kidneys into a brain-dead human, which were not rejected and also produced urine.
  
  In September 2021, a study published in the American Journal of Transplantation, showed a transplantation of a gene-edited pig’s two kidneys onto a brain-dead patient. Again in October, doctors at NYU Langone Health, New York performed a similar surgery.
  
  But why only were pig organs picked for the process?
  
  "The pig model has been the focus of research for the last two decades because of physiological similarities to humans, large litter size of 10 or more, short gestation period of less than 4 months and less risk of transmission of infections as compared to non-human primates," Dr. Avnish Seth, head, Organ Donation and Transplant at Manipal Hospitals, told IANS.
  
  "Pigs are most commonly used as their genetic sequencing can be easily matched with humans, organ size is anatomically same and risks of cross infections is less," added Dr. Vikram Raut, consultant, Liver Transplant & HPB Surgery, Apollo Hospitals, Navi Mumbai.
  
  The ethical aspects of using animal organs for humans have also raised many concerns.
  
  Dr. Ankita Pandey, a toxicology researcher and the science policy advisor to PETA India, told IANS that "to solve the organ shortage, we need more awareness, not more animals."
  
  "Animal-to-human transplants are nothing more than vanity projects that seek to grab sensational headlines, and they are fraught with danger," Pandey said.
  
  Source-IANS