Heart transplantation is generally reserved for patients with end-stage refractory congestive heart failure, i.e., patient presents with symptoms despite maximal drug therapy, with an expected survival of less than one year. The patient should be younger than 65 years and able to comply with medical follow-up care.

The evaluation of potential candidates for heart transplantation is done by a multidisciplinary team comprising cardiologists, cardiothoracic surgeons, other specialists, nurses, allied health professionals, and transplant coordinators.

Mechanical circulatory support devices are indicated for patients who are listed for transplant to keep them alive and functioning as well as possible while they are waiting (bridge to transplant). The role of mechanical circulatory support devices in patients eligible for transplant has increased tremendously over the last two decades. Data from the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation notes that 28% of transplant recipients between 2006 and 2012 had a ventricular assist device, a marked increase from 12% in 1992-2000 (2).